RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Abstract
Depression, anxiety and stress are some of the common mental health problems faced by university students. Sleep is important to any individual and those with sleep deprivation are more vulnerable to mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep deprivation and mental health problems (depression, anxiety, and stress) among Management (Technology) students in UTM as well as to identify the level of sleep deprivation, depression, anxiety and stress among the students. A total of 117 Management (Technology) students participated in this study using convenient sampling technique with the final sample size of 98 respondents. Sleep deprivation was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) while mental health were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21). The findings indicate that majority students have a high level of sleep deprivation, mild level of depression, moderate level of anxiety, and normal level of stress. Moreover, there is a significant positive relationship between sleep deprivation and mental health dimensions (depression, anxiety and stress) among the students.References
Ahmad, M. S., Md Yusoff, M. M., & Abdul Razak, I. (2011). Stress and its relief among undergraduate dental students in Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine Public Health, 42(4), 996-1004.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. (pp. 886-886). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Anderson, C. (2010). The impact of sleep on dealing with daily stressors: A need for controlled laboratory evidence. Stress and Health, 26(3), 194-197. doi:10.1002/smi.1301
Andrews, A., & Chung, J. (2011). Exploring the wellbeing of students studying at an Australian University. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Service Association, 37, 9-38.
Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010). Sleep and emotions: A focus on insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(4), 227-238. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.007
Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (Second Edition). New York, NY: Guilford press.
Becker, S. P., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., Garner, A. A., Burns, G. L., & Kofler, M. J. (2018). Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: Sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health, 4(2), 174-181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.001
Benham, G. (2010). Sleep: An important factor in stress-health models. Stress and Health, 26(3), 204-214. doi:10.1002/smi.1304
Berk, L. E. (2010). Development through the lifespan (Vol. 5). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Bibring, E. (1953). The mechanism of depression Affective disorders: Psychoanalytic contributions to their study. (pp. 13-48). Oxford, England: International Universities Press.
Boehm, M. A., Lei, Q. M., Lloyd, R. M., & Prichard, J. R. (2016). Depression, anxiety, and tobacco use: Overlapping impediments to sleep in a national sample of college students. J Am Coll Health, 64, 565–574.
Bootzin, R. R., & Epstein, D. R. (2011). Understanding and treating insomnia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 435-458. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091516
Bor, W., Dean, A. J., Najman, J., & Hayatbakhsh, R. (2014). Are child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(7), 606-616.
Brown, F. C., Soper, B., & Buboltz, W. C. J. (2002). Relationship of sleep hygiene awareness, sleep hygiene practices, and sleep quality in university students. Behavioural Medicine, 28, 33-38. doi:10.1080/08964280209596396
Bulut, S. (2019). Socialization helps the treatment of depression in modern life. Open Journal of Depression, 8, 41-47. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/ojd.2019.82005
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213.
Collishaw, S. (2015). Annual research review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 370-393.
Dissanyaka, C., Cvetkovic, D., Abdullah, H., Ahmed, B., & Penzel, T. (2016). Classification of healthy and insomnia subjects based on wake-to-sleep transition. Paper presented at the 2016 IEEE EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES).
Eller, T., Aluoja, A., Vasar, V., & Veldi, M. (2006). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in Estonian medical students with sleep problems. Depression & Anxiety, 23(4), 250-256. doi:10.1002/da.20166
Elmes, D. G., Kantowitz, B. H., & Roediger, H. L. (2011). Research methods in psychology (9th ed.). USA: Wadsworth.
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2011). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (4th ed.). USA: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
Furr, S. R., Westefeld, J. S., McConnell, G. N., & Jenkins, J. M. (2001). Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 32(1), 97-100. doi:10.1006/jado.1999.022810.1037/0735-7028.32.1.97
Galambos, N. L., Dalton, A. L., & Maggs, J. L. (2009). Losing sleep over it: Daily variation in sleep quantity and quality in Canadian students' first semester of university. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(4), 741-761. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00618
Greener, S. (2008). Business research methods. London, GB: Ventus Publishing.
Hackfort, D., & Spielberger, C. D. (1990). Anxiety in sports: An international perspective. United States, USA: Taylor & Francis Group.
Harvey, A. G., Mullin, B. C., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2006). Sleep and circadian rhythms in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 18(4), 1147-1168. doi:10.1017/S095457940606055X
Health, C. f. C. M. (2015). 2014 Annual Report.
Hicks, R. A., Fernandez, C., & Pellegrini, R. J. (2001). Striking changes in the sleep satisfaction of university students over the last two decades. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(3), 660-660. doi:10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.660
Hornby, A. S. (2010). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Irwin, M. R. (2015). Why sleep is important for health: A psychoneuroimmunology perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 143-172. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115205
Isaac, S., & Michael, W. B. (1995). Handbook in research and evaluation. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Services.
Kalat, J. W. (2009). Biological psychology, tenth edition (10th ed.). USA: Wadsworth.
Kamarudin, R., Aris, A., Norzaidi, M., Chong, S.-C., Mohamed, I., & Ibrahim, N. (2009). The impact of perceived stress and stress factors on academic performance of pre-diploma science students: a Malaysian study. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education 2(1), 13-26.
Kong, J., Shepel, P. N., Holden, C. P., Mackiewicz, M., Pack, A. I., & Geiger, J. D. (2002). Brain glycogen decreases with increased periods of wakefulness: Implications for homeostatic drive to sleep. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(13), 5581. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05581.2002
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Lautenbacher, S., Kundermann, B., & Krieg, J.-C. (2006). Sleep deprivation and pain perception. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 357-369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.08.001
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping: Springer Publishing Company.
Lemma, S., Gelaye, B., Berhane, Y., Worku, A., & Williams, M. A. (2012). Sleep quality and its psychological correlates among university students in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 237. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-237
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 33(3), 335-343.
Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., & Prichard, J. R. (2010). Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(2), 124-132. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016
McEwen, B. S. (2000). The neurobiology of stress: From serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Research, 886(1), 172-189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02950-4
McEwen, B. S. (2006). Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: Allostasis and allostatic load. Metabolism, 55, 20-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2006.07.008
Nyer, M., Farabaugh, A., Fehling, K., Soskin, D., Holt, D., Papakostas, G. I., . . . Mischoulon, D. (2013). Relationship between sleep disturbance and depression, anxiety, and functioning in college students. Depression and Anxiety, 30(9), 873-880. doi:0.1002/da.22064
Organization, W. H. (2005). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging, practice. Geneva: WHO.
Peltz, J. S., Rogge, R. D., Pugach, C. P., & Strang, K. (2017). Bidirectional Associations Between Sleep and Anxiety Symptoms in Emerging Adults in a Residential College Setting. Emerging Adulthood, 5(3), 204-215. doi:10.1177/2167696816674551
Pensuksan, W. C., Lertmaharit, S., Lohsoonthorn, V., Rattananupong, T., Sonkprasert, T., Gelaye, B., & Williams, M. A. (2016). Relationship between poor sleep quality and psychological problems among undergraduate students in the Southern Thailand. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology, 13(4), 235-242.
Price, P. C. (2012). Research methods in psychology: Core concepts and skills. (Vol. 1.0). Boston, MA: Flatword.
Rosenhan, D. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2000). Abnormal psychology (4th ed.) (Vol. 15). New York, NY: Norton & Company Inc.
Ryan, M. L., Shochet, I. M., & Stallman, H. M. (2010). Universal online interventions might engage psychologically distressed university students who are unlikely to seek formal help. Advances in Mental Health, 9(1), 73-83. doi:10.5172/jamh.9.1.73
Sejnowski, T. J., & Destexhe, A. (2000). Why do we sleep? Brain Research, 886(1), 208-223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03007-9
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (fourth edition). USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selvi, Y., Aydin, A., Gulec, M., Boysan, M., Besiroglu, L., Ozdemir, P. G., & Kilic, S. (2012). Comparison of dream anxiety and subjective sleep quality between chronotypes. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 10(1), 14-22. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2011.00511.x
Sheehan, C. M., Frochen, S. E., Walsemann, K. M., & Ailshire, J. A. (2019). Are U.S. adults reporting less sleep?: Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2017. Sleep, 42(2). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy221
Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 249-257. doi:10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
Taché, J. (1979). Introduction: Stress as a cause of disease. In J. Taché, H. Selye, & S. B. Day (Eds.), Cancer, stress, and death (pp. 1-10). Boston, MA: Springer US.
Talbot, L. S., McGlinchey, E. L., Kaplan, K. A., Dahl, R. E., & Harvey, A. G. (2010). Sleep deprivation in adolescents and adults: Changes in affect. Emotion, 10(6), 831-841. doi:10.1037/a0020138
Taylor, D. J., Gardner, C. E., Bramoweth, A. D., Williams, J. M., Roane, B. M., Grieser, E. A., & Tatum, J. I. (2011). Insomnia and mental health in college students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 9(2), 107-116. doi:10.1080/15402002.2011.557992
Vredenburgh, A. N. (2017). Adolescent health crisis: What sleep-related factors contribute to a decline in mental health and safety? Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 61(1), 560-564. doi:10.1177/1541931213601623
Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110-119. doi:10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y
Zochil, M. L., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2018). Exploring poor sleep, mental health, and help-seeking intention in university students. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70(1), 41-47. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12160
