KESAN SUBSIDI TERHADAP OUTPUT: PENDEKATAN ARDL
Abstract
This empirical study presents the impact of subsidies on the growth of the Malaysian economy by using both the subsidy data to the end user and input subsidies. Econometric analysis shows three important evidences. First, in the short term, the government's decision to offer subsidies is affected by national output, and vice versa. Second, the findings prove the existence of a two-way relationship between non-subsidy spending and output. Third, non-subsidy expenditure is also influenced by subsidy expenditure and subsidies to consumers in the long run. Finally, there was no significant cointegration between aggregate government spending and output in the long term, which reflects the importance of the role of private sector in fostering the national development.
Kajian ini secara empirikal membentangkan kesan subsidi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Malaysia dengan menggunakan kedua-dua data subsidi kepada pengguna akhir dan subsidi input. Analisis ekonometrik menunjukkan tiga bukti yang penting. Pertama, dalam jangka pendek, keputusan kerajaan untuk menawarkan subsidi dipengaruhi oleh output negara, dan sebaliknya. Kedua, dapatan membuktikan kewujudan hubungan dua arah antara belanja bukan subsidi dan output. Ketiga, belanja bukan subsidi turut dipengaruhi oleh belanja subsidi dan subsidi kepada pengguna dalam jangka panjang. Akhir sekali, tidak wujud kointegrasi yang signifikan di antara belanja kerajaan agregat dengan output dalam jangka panjang, yang mencerminkan kepentingan peranan sektor swasta dalam merangsang program pembangunan negara.
References
Barro, R.J. (1988). Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 2588.
González, X. dan Pazó, C. (2008). Do public subsidies stimulate private R&D spending?. Research Policy 37: 371-389.
Keynes, J.M. 1936. General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London & Basingstoke: McMillan.
Kleer, R. (2010). Government R&D subsidies as a signal for private investors. Research Policy 39: 1361-1374.
Kirchsteiger, G. dan Puppe, C. (1997). On the possibilityof efficient private provision of public goods through government subsidies. Journal of Public Economics 66: 489-504.
Löfgren, H. dan El-Said, M. (2001). Food subsidies in Egypt: reform options, distribution and welfare. Food Policy 26: 65-83.
López, R. dan Galinato, G.I. (2007). Should governments stop subsidies to private goods? Evidence from rural Latin America. Journal of Public Economics 91: 1071-1094.
Narayan, P.K. 2005. The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics 37, 1979-1990.
Obeng, K. dan Sakano,R. (2008). Public transit subsidies, output effect and total factor productivity. Research in Transportation Economics 23: 85-98.